Palmitic Acid (CAS 57-10-3): Comprehensive Technical Guide
Table of Contents
1. Chemical Profile & Specifications
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | C16H32O2 |
| Molecular Weight | 256.424 g/mol |
| Appearance | White crystalline wax |
| Melting Point | 63.1°C |
| Boiling Point | 271.5°C @ 1mmHg 350°C (varies by measurement) |
| Density | 0.849 g/mL @ 70°C |
| Solubility | Insoluble in water Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether |
2. Industrial & Commercial Applications
Core Functional Roles:
- Surfactant Base: Primary component in sodium/potassium salts for soap production
- Lubricant Additive: Metal soap formulations for high-temperature applications
- Pharmaceutical Excipient: Sustained-release matrix in depot injections (e.g., Paliperidone palmitate)
- Food Technology: Texture modifier in dairy products (≤2% in vegetable oils)
- Research Reagent: Induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in cellular models
3. Functional Properties & Mechanism
Key Performance Characteristics:
- Carbon Chain Length: C16 provides optimal balance between hydrophobicity and processability
- Thermal Stability: Maintains integrity up to 200°C in lipid formulations
- β-Oxidation Profile: Primary substrate for mitochondrial energy metabolism studies
- GRP78/CHOP Pathway Activation: 2.5-fold increase observed at 500μM concentration in murine models
4. Comparative Analysis
| Parameter | Palmitic Acid | Stearic Acid (C18:0) | Myristic Acid (C14:0) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chain Length | C16 | C18 | C14 |
| Melting Point | 63.1°C | 69.3°C | 54.4°C |
| Soap Hardness | Medium | High | Low |
| Oxidation Stability | High (SV 220-235) | Very High | Moderate |
5. Industry Case Studies
Case 1: Personal Care Formulation
Client: Top 3 EU Cosmetic Manufacturer
Application: Cold-process soap base modification
Solution: 40% palmitic acid content achieved 22% hardness increase vs. pure coconut oil base
Case 2: Pharmaceutical Development
Client: US Biotech Startup
Application: Monthly antipsychotic injection platform
Result: Sustained API release over 28±3 days confirmed in Phase I trials
Case 3: Food Technology
Client: Asian Dairy Conglomerate
Challenge: Low-fat cheese texture optimization
Outcome: 0.8% palmitate esterification improved melt characteristics to 89% of full-fat control
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